Business Services Market Size, Trends and Insights By Type (Consulting, Outsourcing, Technology Services), By Application (Finance, Human Resources, Marketing, IT, Legal), and By Region - Global Industry Overview, Statistical Data, Competitive Analysis, Share, Outlook, and Forecast 2024–2033
Report Snapshot
Study Period: | 2024-2033 |
Fastest Growing Market: | Asia-Pacific |
Largest Market: | Europe |
Major Players
- IBM
- Accenture
- Deloitte
- Cognizant
- Wipro
- Capgemini
- Others
Reports Description
Global Business Services Market is poised for substantial growth from 2023 to 2032, driven by factors such as the increasing demand for specialized business solutions, advancements in technology, and the need for efficiency and cost savings in a competitive business environment.
The market is expected to achieve a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 21% during this period. In 2023, the market is estimated to be valued at USD 203.7 Billion, and it is projected to reach USD 1380.6 Billion by 2032.
Business services, encompassing consulting, outsourcing, and technology solutions, play a crucial role in enabling businesses to streamline their operations, adapt to changing market conditions, and stay competitive.
The Global Business Services Market is experiencing growth due to various factors, including:
- Economic Conditions: The overall state of the economy plays a significant role in the growth of the business services market. During periods of economic growth, businesses are more likely to invest in services to improve their operations, while during economic downturns, cost-saving services may be in higher demand.
- Technological Advancements: Advancements in technology, particularly in areas like cloud computing, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and automation, have transformed the business services landscape. Companies are increasingly seeking technology-driven solutions to improve efficiency, productivity, and customer experience.
- Outsourcing and Offshoring: Many businesses opt to outsource non-core functions to specialized service providers to reduce costs and improve focus on their core competencies. The global nature of business services, including outsourcing to offshore locations, has contributed to market growth.
- Regulatory Environment: Changes in regulations and compliance requirements can drive demand for specific business services. Companies often need assistance in navigating complex regulatory environments, which creates opportunities for regulatory compliance and consulting services.
- Globalization and International Expansion: As businesses expand globally, they require services related to international market entry, trade, cross-border transactions, and international marketing. This has led to growth in international business services.
- Digital Marketing and E-commerce: The rise of digital marketing and e-commerce has created a demand for services related to online advertising, search engine optimization, website development, and e-commerce platform management.
- Consulting Services: Businesses often seek consulting services to address strategic issues, management challenges, and process improvements. Management consulting, strategy consulting, and industry-specific consulting services are areas of growth.
- Financial Services: Accounting, auditing, and financial consulting services are essential for businesses to maintain financial health and compliance. Changes in tax laws, reporting requirements, and financial regulations can influence demand for these services.
- Human Resources and Talent Management: Recruitment, talent acquisition, training, and employee benefit services are crucial for businesses in managing their workforce. The evolving nature of work, including remote and gig economy work, has impacted this segment.
- Environmental and Sustainability Services: Increasing awareness of environmental and sustainability issues has led to growth in services related to sustainability reporting, energy efficiency consulting, and green supply chain management.
- Healthcare and Wellness Services: Employee well-being and healthcare services, including mental health support, are becoming more important for businesses. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this trend.
- Customer Experience and Support Services: With the rise of customer-centric business models, services related to customer support, call centers, and customer experience optimization have seen growth.
- Cybersecurity and Data Protection: As data security threats increase, businesses are investing in cybersecurity services to protect their sensitive information and maintain customer trust.
- Legal and Intellectual Property Services: Legal services for contract review, intellectual property protection, and compliance have grown as businesses seek to protect their assets and navigate legal complexities.
- Niche Specialization: Some business services sectors have seen growth due to niche specialization, catering to specific industries, technologies, or business challenges.
Global Business Services Market – Mergers and Acquisitions
- In 2020, Accenture acquired Myrtle Consulting Group, a supply chain optimization and manufacturing operations consulting firm, to enhance its Industry X capabilities.
- In 2021, Cognizant acquired Servian, an Australia-based data analytics and artificial intelligence consulting firm, to bolster its data and AI expertise.
- In 2019, Ernst & Young (EY) acquired Pangea3, a legal managed services provider, to expand its legal service offerings.
- In 2020, Infosys acquired GuideVision, a ServiceNow consultancy, to strengthen its ServiceNow expertise.
- In 2021, Deloitte announced its acquisition of Root9B, a cybersecurity services provider, to enhance its cybersecurity and threat intelligence services.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATED MARKET
Business Services Market | Corporate Travel Market | ESmall Office Home Office (SOHO) Service Market |
CAGR 21% (Approx) | CAGR 13.1% (Approx) | CAGR 9.2% (Approx) |
USD 1380.6 Billion by 2032 | USD 330.2 Billion by 2032 | USD 30.5 Billion by 2032 |
Challenges Impacting the Business Services Market:
- Economic Volatility: Economic downturns and fluctuations can affect the demand for various business services. During economic recessions, companies often cut back on discretionary spending, which may include consulting and non-essential services.
- Competition: The business services market is highly competitive. Companies in this sector often compete based on price, quality, and innovation. Standing out in a crowded marketplace can be challenging.
- Rapid Technological Changes: The rapid pace of technological advancements means that businesses need to continually invest in staying up to date with the latest tools and platforms. Failure to do so can lead to obsolescence.
- Data Security and Privacy: Many business services involve handling sensitive client data, which makes them prime targets for cyberattacks and data breaches. Businesses need to invest in robust cybersecurity measures to protect their clients’ information.
- Regulatory Compliance: Regulations are constantly evolving, and businesses in the services sector must stay compliant with various local and international laws. Failure to do so can result in legal consequences and reputational damage.
- Talent Acquisition and Retention: Attracting and retaining skilled professionals is a challenge in a competitive labor market. Highly specialized roles, such as data scientists and cybersecurity experts, are in high demand.
- Client Retention: Maintaining long-term client relationships is crucial in the business services sector. Client turnover can be costly, and businesses need to continuously deliver value to retain their clients.
- Global Expansion and Localization: Expanding into new international markets can be challenging due to differences in culture, language, regulations, and business practices. Localization and understanding local nuances are essential.
- Price Pressure: Clients often seek cost-effective solutions. This can put pressure on service providers to deliver high-quality services at competitive prices while maintaining profitability.
- Managing Growth: Rapid growth can present challenges in terms of scaling operations, maintaining quality standards, and managing increased demand. Companies need to ensure they can effectively manage growth without compromising quality.
- Reputation Management: The reputation of a business services provider is paramount. Negative client experiences, data breaches, or other adverse events can harm a company’s reputation and lead to loss of business.
- Disruption from New Entrants: Innovative startups and new entrants with disruptive business models can challenge established business service providers. Companies need to adapt and innovate to stay competitive.
- Legal and Liability Risks: Providing services often involve contractual agreements that carry legal and liability risks. A poorly executed project or a misunderstanding with a client can lead to disputes and legal challenges.
- Environmental and Sustainability Concerns: Increasing awareness of environmental and sustainability issues means that businesses in the services sector need to consider their environmental impact and sustainability practices.
- Remote Work Challenges: The shift to remote work during and after the COVID-19 pandemic introduced new challenges, such as managing remote teams, maintaining security, and ensuring effective collaboration.
Report Scope
Feature of the Report | Details |
Market Size in 2023 | USD 203.7 Billion |
Projected Market Size in 2032 | USD 1380.6 Billion |
Market Size in 2022 | USD 145.6 Billion |
CAGR Growth Rate | 21% CAGR |
Base Year | 2023 |
Forecast Period | 2024-2033 |
Key Segment | By Type, Application and Region |
Report Coverage | Revenue Estimation and Forecast, Company Profile, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors and Recent Trends |
Regional Scope | North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and South & Central America |
Buying Options | Request tailored purchasing options to fulfil your requirements for research. |
Category-wise Analysis:
By Type:
- Consulting: Offering strategic advice, innovation, and business insights to address specific challenges and opportunities.
- Outsourcing: Providing businesses with specialized services, such as customer support, IT management, and finance, to enhance efficiency and cost savings.
- Technology Services: Enabling businesses to leverage technology solutions, including software development, data analytics, and cybersecurity, to optimize operations.
By Application:
- Finance: Delivering financial services, including accounting, financial planning, and risk management, to support sound financial decisions.
- Human Resources: Offering HR solutions, such as talent acquisition, payroll management, and employee development, to streamline HR processes.
- Marketing: Providing marketing services, including digital marketing, branding, and market research, to promote businesses and products effectively.
- IT: Delivering IT services, such as software development, cloud management, and cybersecurity, to ensure reliable IT infrastructure.
- Legal: Offering legal and compliance services, including contract review, intellectual property protection, and regulatory compliance, to manage legal aspects of business.
Business Services Market – Regional Analysis:
North America:
- United States: The United States is a major player in the business services market, with a strong emphasis on technology services and consulting. The U.S. market is characterized by innovation and a diverse range of service providers.
- Canada: Canada’s business services market focuses on finance, human resources, and technology services, with an emphasis on supporting businesses in a competitive environment.
Europe:
- Western Europe: Countries like the United Kingdom, Germany, and France lead in consulting and technology services. The market is driven by digital transformation and ESG initiatives.
- Eastern Europe: Eastern European nations are increasingly adopting outsourcing services, particularly in IT and finance, attracting businesses looking for cost-effective solutions.
Asia-Pacific:
- China: China’s business services market is growing rapidly, driven by technology services and consulting. The market is characterized by a focus on innovation and digital transformation.
- India: India is a prominent outsourcing hub, providing a wide range of services, including IT, finance, and customer support, to global businesses.
- Southeast Asia: Southeast Asian countries offer outsourcing and technology services, catering to the needs of businesses looking for cost-effective solutions and talent.
Latin America:
- Brazil: Brazil’s business services market emphasizes outsourcing and consulting, serving a diverse range of industries and businesses.
- Mexico: Mexico’s market focuses on finance and technology services, attracting businesses seeking specialized expertise.
Middle East and Africa:
- Middle East: Middle Eastern countries provide technology and consulting services to support businesses in various sectors, including oil and gas, finance, and technology.
- Africa: African nations are emerging as outsourcing destinations, with a focus on IT and customer support services.
Oceania:
- Australia: Australia’s business services market concentrates on technology services and consulting, serving businesses in a competitive business landscape.
List of the prominent players in the Business Services Market:
- IBM
- Accenture
- Deloitte
- Cognizant
- Wipro
- Capgemini
- PwC
- Ernst & Young
- Infosys
- HCL Technologies
- Others
The Business Services Market is segmented as follows:
By Type
- Consulting
- Outsourcing
- Technology Services
By Application
- Finance
- Human Resources
- Marketing
- IT
- Legal
Regional Coverage:
North America
- U.S.
- Canada
- Mexico
- Rest of North America
Europe
- Germany
- France
- U.K.
- Russia
- Italy
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Rest of Europe
Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- New Zealand
- Australia
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- Rest of Asia Pacific
The Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Egypt
- Kuwait
- South Africa
- Rest of the Middle East & Africa
Latin America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Rest of Latin America
Table of Contents
- Chapter 1. Preface
- 1.1 Report Description and Scope
- 1.2 Research scope
- 1.3 Research methodology
- 1.3.1 Market Research Type
- 1.3.2 Market Research Methodology
- Chapter 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1 Global Business Services Market, (2024 – 2033) (USD Billion)
- 2.2 Global Business Services Market: snapshot
- Chapter 3. Global Business Services Market – Industry Analysis
- 3.1 Business Services Market: Market Dynamics
- 3.2 Market Drivers
- 3.2.1 Economic Conditions
- 3.2.2 Technological Advancements
- 3.2.3 Outsourcing and Offshoring
- 3.2.4 Regulatory Environment
- 3.2.5 Globalization and International Expansion
- 3.2.6 Digital Marketing and E-commerce
- 3.2.7 Consulting Services
- 3.2.8 Financial Services
- 3.2.9 Human Resources and Talent Management
- 3.2.10 Environmental and Sustainability Services
- 3.2.11 Healthcare and Wellness Services
- 3.2.12 Customer Experience and Support Services
- 3.2.13 Cybersecurity and Data Protection
- 3.2.14 Legal and Intellectual Property Services
- 3.2.15 Niche Specialization.
- 3.3 Market Restraints
- 3.4 Market Opportunities
- 3.5 Market Challenges
- 3.6 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
- 3.7 Market Attractiveness Analysis
- 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Type
- 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
- Chapter 4. Global Business Services Market- Competitive Landscape
- 4.1 Company market share analysis
- 4.1.1 Global Business Services Market: Company Market Share, 2022
- 4.2 Strategic development
- 4.2.1 Acquisitions & mergers
- 4.2.2 New Product launches
- 4.2.3 Agreements, partnerships, collaboration, and joint ventures
- 4.2.4 Research and development and Regional expansion
- 4.3 Price trend analysis
- 4.1 Company market share analysis
- Chapter 5. Global Business Services Market – Type Analysis
- 5.1 Global Business Services Market Overview: By Type
- 5.1.1 Global Business Services Market Share, By Type, 2022 and – 2033
- 5.2 Consulting
- 5.2.1 Global Business Services Market by Consulting, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 5.3 Outsourcing
- 5.3.1 Global Business Services Market by Outsourcing, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 5.4 Technology Services
- 5.4.1 Global Business Services Market by Technology Services, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 5.1 Global Business Services Market Overview: By Type
- Chapter 6. Global Business Services Market – Application Analysis
- 6.1 Global Business Services Market Overview: By Application
- 6.1.1 Global Business Services Market Share, By Application, 2022 and – 2033
- 6.2 Finance
- 6.2.1 Global Business Services Market by Finance, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.3 Human Resources
- 6.3.1 Global Business Services Market by Human Resources, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.4 Marketing
- 6.4.1 Global Business Services Market by Marketing, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.5 IT
- 6.5.1 Global Business Services Market by IT, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.6 Legal
- 6.6.1 Global Business Services Market by Legal, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 6.1 Global Business Services Market Overview: By Application
- Chapter 7. Business Services Market – Regional Analysis
- 7.1 Global Business Services Market Regional Overview
- 7.2 Global Business Services Market Share, by Region, 2022 & – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.3. North America
- 7.3.1 North America Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.3.1.1 North America Business Services Market, by Country, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.3.1 North America Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.4 North America Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033
- 7.4.1 North America Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.5 North America Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033
- 7.5.1 North America Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.6. Europe
- 7.6.1 Europe Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.6.1.1 Europe Business Services Market, by Country, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.6.1 Europe Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.7 Europe Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033
- 7.7.1 Europe Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.8 Europe Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033
- 7.8.1 Europe Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.9. Asia Pacific
- 7.9.1 Asia Pacific Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.9.1.1 Asia Pacific Business Services Market, by Country, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.9.1 Asia Pacific Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.10 Asia Pacific Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033
- 7.10.1 Asia Pacific Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.11 Asia Pacific Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033
- 7.11.1 Asia Pacific Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.12. Latin America
- 7.12.1 Latin America Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.12.1.1 Latin America Business Services Market, by Country, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.12.1 Latin America Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.13 Latin America Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033
- 7.13.1 Latin America Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.14 Latin America Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033
- 7.14.1 Latin America Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.15. The Middle East and Africa
- 7.15.1 The Middle-East and Africa Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.15.1.1 The Middle-East and Africa Business Services Market, by Country, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.15.1 The Middle-East and Africa Business Services Market, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.16 The Middle-East and Africa Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033
- 7.16.1 The Middle-East and Africa Business Services Market, by Type, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- 7.17 The Middle-East and Africa Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033
- 7.17.1 The Middle-East and Africa Business Services Market, by Application, 2024 – 2033 (USD Billion)
- Chapter 8. Company Profiles
- 8.1 IBM
- 8.1.1 Overview
- 8.1.2 Financials
- 8.1.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.1.4 Business Strategy
- 8.1.5 Recent Developments
- 8.2 Accenture
- 8.2.1 Overview
- 8.2.2 Financials
- 8.2.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.2.4 Business Strategy
- 8.2.5 Recent Developments
- 8.3 Deloitte
- 8.3.1 Overview
- 8.3.2 Financials
- 8.3.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.3.4 Business Strategy
- 8.3.5 Recent Developments
- 8.4 Cognizant
- 8.4.1 Overview
- 8.4.2 Financials
- 8.4.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.4.4 Business Strategy
- 8.4.5 Recent Developments
- 8.5 Wipro
- 8.5.1 Overview
- 8.5.2 Financials
- 8.5.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.5.4 Business Strategy
- 8.5.5 Recent Developments
- 8.6 Capgemini
- 8.6.1 Overview
- 8.6.2 Financials
- 8.6.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.6.4 Business Strategy
- 8.6.5 Recent Developments
- 8.7 PwC
- 8.7.1 Overview
- 8.7.2 Financials
- 8.7.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.7.4 Business Strategy
- 8.7.5 Recent Developments
- 8.8 Ernst & Young
- 8.8.1 Overview
- 8.8.2 Financials
- 8.8.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.8.4 Business Strategy
- 8.8.5 Recent Developments
- 8.9 Infosys
- 8.9.1 Overview
- 8.9.2 Financials
- 8.9.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.9.4 Business Strategy
- 8.9.5 Recent Developments
- 8.10 HCL Technologies
- 8.10.1 Overview
- 8.10.2 Financials
- 8.10.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.10.4 Business Strategy
- 8.10.5 Recent Developments
- 8.11 Others.
- 8.11.1 Overview
- 8.11.2 Financials
- 8.11.3 Product Portfolio
- 8.11.4 Business Strategy
- 8.11.5 Recent Developments
- 8.1 IBM
List Of Figures
Figures No 1 to 22
List Of Tables
Tables No 1 to 52
Report Methodology
In order to get the most precise estimates and forecasts possible, Custom Market Insights applies a detailed and adaptive research methodology centered on reducing deviations. For segregating and assessing quantitative aspects of the market, the company uses a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Furthermore, data triangulation, which examines the market from three different aspects, is a recurring theme in all of our research reports. The following are critical components of the methodology used in all of our studies:
Preliminary Data Mining
On a broad scale, raw market information is retrieved and compiled. Data is constantly screened to make sure that only substantiated and verified sources are taken into account. Furthermore, data is mined from a plethora of reports in our archive and also a number of reputed & reliable paid databases. To gain a detailed understanding of the business, it is necessary to know the entire product life cycle and to facilitate this, we gather data from different suppliers, distributors, and buyers.
Surveys, technological conferences, and trade magazines are used to identify technical issues and trends. Technical data is also gathered from the standpoint of intellectual property, with a focus on freedom of movement and white space. The dynamics of the industry in terms of drivers, restraints, and valuation trends are also gathered. As a result, the content created contains a diverse range of original data, which is then cross-validated and verified with published sources.
Statistical Model
Simulation models are used to generate our business estimates and forecasts. For each study, a one-of-a-kind model is created. Data gathered for market dynamics, the digital landscape, development services, and valuation patterns are fed into the prototype and analyzed concurrently. These factors are compared, and their effect over the projected timeline is quantified using correlation, regression, and statistical modeling. Market forecasting is accomplished through the use of a combination of economic techniques, technical analysis, industry experience, and domain knowledge.
Short-term forecasting is typically done with econometric models, while long-term forecasting is done with technological market models. These are based on a synthesis of the technological environment, legal frameworks, economic outlook, and business regulations. Bottom-up market evaluation is favored, with crucial regional markets reviewed as distinct entities and data integration to acquire worldwide estimates. This is essential for gaining a thorough knowledge of the industry and ensuring that errors are kept to a minimum.
Some of the variables taken into account for forecasting are as follows:
• Industry drivers and constraints, as well as their current and projected impact
• The raw material case, as well as supply-versus-price trends
• Current volume and projected volume growth through 2030
We allocate weights to these variables and use weighted average analysis to determine the estimated market growth rate.
Primary Validation
This is the final step in our report’s estimating and forecasting process. Extensive primary interviews are carried out, both in-person and over the phone, to validate our findings and the assumptions that led to them.
Leading companies from across the supply chain, including suppliers, technology companies, subject matter experts, and buyers, use techniques like interviewing to ensure a comprehensive and non-biased overview of the business. These interviews are conducted all over the world, with the help of local staff and translators, to overcome language barriers.
Primary interviews not only aid with data validation, but also offer additional important insight into the industry, existing business scenario, and future projections, thereby improving the quality of our reports.
All of our estimates and forecasts are validated through extensive research work with key industry participants (KIPs), which typically include:
• Market leaders
• Suppliers of raw materials
• Suppliers of raw materials
• Buyers.
The following are the primary research objectives:
• To ensure the accuracy and acceptability of our data.
• Gaining an understanding of the current market and future projections.
Data Collection Matrix
Perspective | Primary research | Secondary research |
Supply-side |
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Demand-side |
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Market Analysis Matrix
Qualitative analysis | Quantitative analysis |
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Prominent Player
- IBM
- Accenture
- Deloitte
- Cognizant
- Wipro
- Capgemini
- PwC
- Ernst & Young
- Infosys
- HCL Technologies
- Others
FAQs
The key factors driving the Market are Economic Conditions, Technological Advancements, Outsourcing and Offshoring, Regulatory Environment, Globalization and International Expansion, Digital Marketing and E-commerce, Consulting Services, Financial Services, Human Resources and Talent Management, Environmental and Sustainability Services, Healthcare and Wellness Services, Customer Experience and Support Services, Cybersecurity and Data Protection, Legal and Intellectual Property Services And Niche Specialization.
The “Consulting” category dominated the market in 2022.
The key players in the market are IBM, Accenture, Deloitte, Cognizant, Wipro, Capgemini, PwC, Ernst & Young, Infosys, HCL Technologies, Others.
“North America” had the largest share in the Business Services Market.
The global market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 21% during the forecast period, 2023-2032.
The Business Services Market size was valued at USD 203.7 Billion in 2023.